• Introduction
• Attributes
  1. Common Attributes
  2. Standard Implementation
  3. Nio Implementation
• Nested Components
• Special Features
  1. HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 Support
  2. Proxy Support
  3. SSL Support
  4. Connector Comparison

The HTTP Connector element represents a Connector component that supports the HTTP/1.1 protocol. It enables Catalina to function as a stand-alone web server, in addition to its ability to execute servlets and JSP pages. A particular instance of this component listens for connections on a specific TCP port number on the server. One or more such Connectors can be configured as part of a single Service, each forwarding to the associated Engine to perform request processing and create the response.

If you wish to configure the Connector that is used for connections to web servers using the AJP protocol (such as the mod_jk 1.2.x connector for Apache 1.3), see here instead.

Each incoming request requires a thread for the duration of that request. If more simultaneous requests are received than can be handled by the currently available request processing threads, additional threads will be created up to the configured maximum (the value of the maxThreads attribute). If still more simultaneous requests are received, they are stacked up inside the server socket created by the Connector, up to the configured maximum (the value of the acceptCount attribute. Any further simultaneous requests will receive "connection refused" errors, until resources are available to process them.

Common Attributes

All implementations of Connector support the following attributes: Attribute Description allowTrace A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable the TRACE HTTP method. If not specified, this attribute is set to false. emptySessionPath If set to true, all paths for session cookies will be set to /. This can be useful for portlet specification implementations. If not specified, this attribute is set to false. A side effect to setting this to true, is that if Tomcat creates a new session it will attempt to use the cookie session id if supplied by the client. SVN check in Dev discussion Work around enableLookups Set to true if you want calls to request.getRemoteHost() to perform DNS lookups in order to return the actual host name of the remote client. Set to false to skip the DNS lookup and return the IP address in String form instead (thereby improving performance). By default, DNS lookups are enabled. maxPostSize The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be handled by the container FORM URL parameter parsing. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to a value less than or equal to 0. If not specified, this attribute is set to 2097152 (2 megabytes). maxSavePostSize The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be saved/buffered by the container during FORM or CLIENT-CERT authentication. For both types of authentication, the POST will be saved/buffered before the user is authenticated. For CLIENT-CERT authentication, the POST is buffered for the duration of the SSL handshake and the buffer emptied when the request is processed. For FORM authentication the POST is saved whilst the user is re-directed to the login form and is retained until the user successfully authenticates or the session associated with the authentication request expires. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to -1. Setting the attribute to zero will disable the saving of POST data during authentication. If not specified, this attribute is set to 4096 (4 kilobytes). protocol Sets the protocol to handle incoming traffic. The default value is HTTP/1.1 and configures the org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol. This is the blocking Java connector. If the PATH (Windows) or LD_LIBRARY_PATH (on most unix systems) environment variables contain the Tomcat native library, the APR connector will automatically be configured. Please be advised that the APR connector has different settings for HTTPS than the default Java connector. Other values for this attribute are, but not limited to: org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol - same as HTTP/1.1 org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol - non blocking Java connector org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol - the APR connector. Take a look at our Connector Comparison chart. The configuration for both Java connectors are identical, both for http and https. For more information on the APR connector and APR specific SSL settings please visit the APR documentation proxyName If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server name to be returned for calls to request.getServerName(). See Proxy Support for more information. proxyPort If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server port to be returned for calls to request.getServerPort(). See Proxy Support for more information. redirectPort If this Connector is supporting non-SSL requests, and a request is received for which a matching <security-constraint> requires SSL transport, Catalina will automatically redirect the request to the port number specified here. SSLEnabled Use this attribute to enable SSL traffic on a connector. To turn on SSL handshake/encryption/decryption on a connector set this value to true. The default value is false. When turning this value true you will want to set the scheme and the secure attributes as well to pass the correct request.getScheme() and request.isSecure() values to the servlets See SSL Support for more information. scheme Set this attribute to the name of the protocol you wish to have returned by calls to request.getScheme(). For example, you would set this attribute to "https" for an SSL Connector. The default value is "http". secure Set this attribute to true if you wish to have calls to request.isSecure() to return true for requests received by this Connector. You would want this on an SSL Connector or a non SSL connector that is receiving data from a SSL accelerator, like a crypto card, a SSL appliance or even a webserver. The default value is false. URIEncoding This specifies the character encoding used to decode the URI bytes, after %xx decoding the URL. If not specified, ISO-8859-1 will be used. useBodyEncodingForURI This specifies if the encoding specified in contentType should be used for URI query parameters, instead of using the URIEncoding. This setting is present for compatibility with Tomcat 4.1.x, where the encoding specified in the contentType, or explicitly set using Request.setCharacterEncoding method was also used for the parameters from the URL. The default value is false. useIPVHosts Set this attribute to true to cause Tomcat to use the IP address that the request was received on to determine the Host to send the request to. The default value is false. xpoweredBy Set this attribute to true to cause Tomcat to advertise support for the Servlet specification using the header recommended in the specification. The default value is false.

Standard Implementation

HTTP supports the following additional attributes (in addition to the common attributes listed above): Attribute Description acceptCount The maximum queue length for incoming connection requests when all possible request processing threads are in use. Any requests received when the queue is full will be refused. The default value is 100. address For servers with more than one IP address, this attribute specifies which address will be used for listening on the specified port. By default, this port will be used on all IP addresses associated with the server. bufferSize The size (in bytes) of the buffer to be provided for input streams created by this connector. By default, buffers of 2048 bytes will be provided. compressableMimeType The value is a comma separated list of MIME types for which HTTP compression may be used. The default value is text/html,text/xml,text/plain. compression The Connector may use HTTP/1.1 GZIP compression in an attempt to save server bandwidth. The acceptable values for the parameter is "off" (disable compression), "on" (allow compression, which causes text data to be compressed), "force" (forces compression in all cases), or a numerical integer value (which is equivalent to "on", but specifies the minimum amount of data before the output is compressed). If the content-length is not known and compression is set to "on" or more aggressive, the output will also be compressed. If not specified, this attribute is set to "off". Note: There is a tradeoff between using compression (saving your bandwidth) and using the sendfile feature (saving your CPU cycles). If the connector supports the sendfile feature, e.g. the NIO connector, using sendfile will take precedence over compression. The symptoms will be that static files greater that 48 Kb will be sent uncompressed. You can turn off sendfile by setting useSendfile attribute of the connector, as documented below, or change the sendfile usage threshold in the configuration of the DefaultServlet in the default conf/web.xml or in the web.xml of your web application. connectionLinger The number of milliseconds during which the sockets used by this Connector will linger when they are closed. The default value is -1 (socket linger is disabled). connectionTimeout The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait, after accepting a connection, for the request URI line to be presented. The default value is 60000 (i.e. 60 seconds). executor A reference to the name in an Executor element. If this attribute is enabled, and the named executor exists, the connector will use the executor, and all the other thread attributes will be ignored. keepAliveTimeout The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait for another HTTP request before closing the connection. The default value is to use the value that has been set for the connectionTimeout attribute. disableUploadTimeout This flag allows the servlet container to use a different, longer connection timeout while a servlet is being executed, which in the end allows either the servlet a longer amount of time to complete its execution, or a longer timeout during data upload. If not specified, this attribute is set to "true". maxHttpHeaderSize The maximum size of the request and response HTTP header, specified in bytes. If not specified, this attribute is set to 8192 (8 KB). maxKeepAliveRequests The maximum number of HTTP requests which can be pipelined until the connection is closed by the server. Setting this attribute to 1 will disable HTTP/1.0 keep-alive, as well as HTTP/1.1 keep-alive and pipelining. Setting this to -1 will allow an unlimited amount of pipelined or keep-alive HTTP requests. If not specified, this attribute is set to 100. maxThreads The maximum number of request processing threads to be created by this Connector, which therefore determines the maximum number of simultaneous requests that can be handled. If not specified, this attribute is set to 200. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. noCompressionUserAgents The value is a comma separated list of regular expressions matching user-agents of HTTP clients for which compression should not be used, because these clients, although they do advertise support for the feature, have a broken implementation. The default value is an empty String (regexp matching disabled). port The TCP port number on which this Connector will create a server socket and await incoming connections. Your operating system will allow only one server application to listen to a particular port number on a particular IP address. restrictedUserAgents The value is a comma separated list of regular expressions matching user-agents of HTTP clients for which HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/1.0 keep alive should not be used, even if the clients advertise support for these features. The default value is an empty String (regexp matching disabled). server Overrides the Server header for the http response. If set, the value for this attribute overrides the Tomcat default and any Server header set by a web application. If not set, any value specified by the application is used. If the application does not specify a value then Apache-Coyote/1.1 is used. Unless you are paranoid, you won't need this feature. socketBuffer The size (in bytes) of the buffer to be provided for socket output buffering. -1 can be specified to disable the use of a buffer. By default, a buffers of 9000 bytes will be used. tcpNoDelay If set to true, the TCP_NO_DELAY option will be set on the server socket, which improves performance under most circumstances. This is set to true by default. threadPriority The priority of the request processing threads within the JVM. The default value is java.lang.Thread#NORM_PRIORITY. See the JavaDoc for the java.lang.Thread class for more details on what this priority means.

Nio Implementation

The NIO connector exposes all the low level socket properties that can be used to tune the connector. Most of these attributes are directly linked to the socket implementation in the JDK so you can find out about the actual meaning in the JDK API documentation. NoteOn some JDK versions, setTrafficClass causes a problem, a work around for this is to add the -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true value to your command line Attribute Description useSendfile (bool)Use this attribute to enable or disable sendfile capability. The default value is true useExecutor (bool)Set to true to use the NIO thread pool executor. The default value is true. If set to false, it uses a thread pool based on a stack for its execution. Generally, using the executor yields a little bit slower performance, but yields a better fairness for processing connections in a high load environment as the traffic gets queued through a FIFO queue. If set to true(default) then the max pool size is the maxThreads attribute and the core pool size is the minSpareThreads. This value is ignored if the executor attribute is present and points to a valid shared thread pool. executor A reference to the name in an Executor element. If this attribute is enabled, and the named executor exists, the connector will use the executor, and all the other thread attributes will be ignored. acceptorThreadCount (int)The number of threads to be used to accept connections. Increase this value on a multi CPU machine, although you would never really need more than 2. Also, with a lot of non keep alive connections, you might want to increase this value as well. Default value is 1. pollerThreadCount (int)The number of threads to be used to run for the polling events. Default value is 1 per processor. Can't see a reason to go above that. But experiment and find your own results. pollerThreadPriority (int)The priority of the poller threads. The default value is java.lang.Thread#NORM_PRIORITY. See the JavaDoc for the java.lang.Thread class for more details on what this priority means. acceptorThreadPriority (int)The priority of the acceptor threads. The threads used to accept new connections. The default value is java.lang.Thread#NORM_PRIORITY. See the JavaDoc for the java.lang.Thread class for more details on what this priority means. selectorTimeout (int)The time in milliseconds to timeout on a select() for the poller. This value is important, since connection clean up is done on the same thread, so do not set this value to an extremely high one. The default value is 1000 milliseconds. useComet (bool)Whether to allow comet servlets or not, Default value is true. processCache (int)The protocol handler caches Http11NioProcessor objects to speed up performance. This setting dictates how many of these objects get cached. -1 means unlimited, default is 200. Set this value somewhere close to your maxThreads value. maxKeepAliveRequests The maximum number of HTTP requests which can be pipelined until the connection is closed by the server. Setting this attribute to 1 will disable HTTP/1.0 keep-alive, as well as HTTP/1.1 keep-alive and pipelining. Setting this to -1 will allow an unlimited amount of pipelined or keep-alive HTTP requests. If not specified, this attribute is set to 100. socket.directBuffer (bool)Boolean value, whether to use direct ByteBuffers or java mapped ByteBuffers. Default is false When you are using direct buffers, make sure you allocate the appropriate amount of memory for the direct memory space. On Sun's JDK that would be something like -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256m socket.rxBufSize (int)The socket receive buffer (SO_RCVBUF) size in bytes. Default value is 25188 socket.txBufSize (int)The socket send buffer (SO_SNDBUF) size in bytes. Default value is 43800 socket.appReadBufSize (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a read and a write ByteBuffer This attribute controls the size of these buffers. By default this read buffer is sized at 8192 bytes. For lower concurrency, you can increase this to buffer more data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size. socket.appWriteBufSize (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a read and a write ByteBuffer This attribute controls the size of these buffers. By default this write buffer is sized at 8192 bytes. For low concurrency you can increase this to buffer more response data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size. The default value here is pretty low, you should up it if you are not dealing with tens of thousands concurrent connections. socket.bufferPool (int)The Nio connector uses a class called NioChannel that holds elements linked to a socket. To reduce garbage collection, the Nio connector caches these channel objects. This value specifies the size of this cache. The default value is 500, and represents that the cache will hold 500 NioChannel objects. Other values are -1. unlimited cache, and 0, no cache. socket.bufferPoolSize (int)The NioChannel pool can also be size based, not used object based. The size is calculated as follows: NioChannel buffer size = read buffer size + write buffer size SecureNioChannel buffer size = application read buffer size + application write buffer size + network read buffer size + network write buffer size The value is in bytes, the default value is 1024*1024*100 (100MB) socket.processorCache (int)Tomcat will cache SocketProcessor objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is 500. Other values are -1. unlimited cache, and 0, no cache. socket.keyCache (int)Tomcat will cache KeyAttachment objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is 500. Other values are -1. unlimited cache, and 0, no cache. socket.eventCache (int)Tomcat will cache PollerEvent objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is 500. Other values are -1. unlimited cache, and 0, no cache. socket.tcpNoDelay (bool)same as the standard setting tcpNoDelay. Default value is false socket.soKeepAlive (bool)Boolean value for the socket's keep alive setting (SO_KEEPALIVE). Default is false. socket.ooBInline (bool)Boolean value for the socket OOBINLINE setting. Default value is true socket.soReuseAddress (bool)Boolean value for the sockets reuse address option (SO_REUSEADDR). Default value is true socket.soLingerOn (bool)Boolean value for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). Default value is true. This option is paired with the soLingerTime value. socket.soLingerTime (bool)Value in seconds for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). Default value is 25 seconds. This option is paired with the soLinger value. socket.soTimeout (int)Value in milliseconds for the sockets read timeout (SO_TIMEOUT). Default value is 5000 milliseconds. socket.soTrafficClass (byte)Value between 0 and 255 for the traffic class on the socket, 0x04 | 0x08 | 0x010 socket.performanceConnectionTime (int)The first value for the performance settings. Default is 1, see Socket Performance Options socket.performanceLatency (int)The second value for the performance settings. Default is 0, see Socket Performance Options socket.performanceBandwidth (int)The third value for the performance settings. Default is 1, see Socket Performance Options selectorPool.maxSelectors (int)The max selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. Use this option when the command line org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared value is set to false. Default value is 200. selectorPool.maxSpareSelectors (int)The max spare selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. When a selector is returned to the pool, the system can decide to keep it or let it be GC:ed. Use this option when the command line org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared value is set to false. Default value is -1 (unlimited) command-line-options The following command line options are available for the NIO connector: -Dorg.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared=true|false - default is true. Set this value to false if you wish to use a selector for each thread. the property. If you do set it to false, you can control the size of the pool of selectors by using the selectorPool.maxSelectors attribute oomParachute (int)The NIO connector implements an OutOfMemoryError strategy called parachute. It holds a chunk of data as a byte array. In case of an OOM, this chunk of data is released and the error is reported. This will give the VM enough room to clean up. The oomParachute represent the size in bytes of the parachute(the byte array). The default value is 1024*1024(1MB). Please note, this only works for OOM errors regarding the Java Heap space, and there is absolutely no guarantee that you will be able to recover at all. If you have an OOM outside of the Java Heap, then this parachute trick will not help. socket.unlockTimeout (int) The timeout for a socket unlock. When a connector is stopped, it will try to release the acceptor thread by opening a connector to itself. The default value is 250 and the value is in milliseconds

None at this time.

HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 Support

This Connector supports all of the required features of the HTTP/1.1 protocol, as described in RFC 2616, including persistent connections, pipelining, expectations and chunked encoding. If the client (typically a browser) supports only HTTP/1.0, the Connector will gracefully fall back to supporting this protocol as well. No special configuration is required to enable this support. The Connector also supports HTTP/1.0 keep-alive. RFC 2616 requires that HTTP servers always begin their responses with the highest HTTP version that they claim to support. Therefore, this Connector will always return HTTP/1.1 at the beginning of its responses.

Proxy Support

The proxyName and proxyPort attributes can be used when Tomcat is run behind a proxy server. These attributes modify the values returned to web applications that call the request.getServerName() and request.getServerPort() methods, which are often used to construct absolute URLs for redirects. Without configuring these attributes, the values returned would reflect the server name and port on which the connection from the proxy server was received, rather than the server name and port to whom the client directed the original request. For more information, see the Proxy Support HOW-TO.

SSL Support

You can enable SSL support for a particular instance of this Connector by setting the SSLEnabled attribute to true. You will also need to set the scheme and secure attributes to the values https and true respectively, to pass correct information to the servlets. In addition, you may need to configure the following attributes: Attribute Description algorithm The certificate encoding algorithm to be used. This defaults to KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm() which returns SunX509 for Sun JVMs. IBM JVMs return IbmX509. For other vendors, consult the JVM documentation for the default value. clientAuth Set to true if you want the SSL stack to require a valid certificate chain from the client before accepting a connection. Set to want if you want the SSL stack to request a client Certificate, but not fail if one isn't presented. A false value (which is the default) will not require a certificate chain unless the client requests a resource protected by a security constraint that uses CLIENT-CERT authentication. See the SSL HowTo for an example. keystoreFile The pathname of the keystore file where you have stored the server certificate to be loaded. By default, the pathname is the file ".keystore" in the operating system home directory of the user that is running Tomcat. If your keystoreType doesn't need a file use "" (empty string) for this parameter. keystorePass The password used to access the server certificate from the specified keystore file. The default value is "changeit". keystoreType The type of keystore file to be used for the server certificate. If not specified, the default value is "JKS". keystoreProvider The name of the keystore provider to be used for the server certificate. If not specified, the list of registered providers is traversed in preference order and the first provider that supports the keystoreType is used. sslProtocol The version of the SSL protocol to use. If not specified, the default is "TLS". ciphers The comma separated list of encryption ciphers that this socket is allowed to use. By default, the default ciphers for the JVM will be used. Note that this usually means that the weak export grade ciphers will be included in the list of available ciphers. The ciphers are specified using the JSSE cipher naming convention. keyAlias The alias used to for the server certificate in the keystore. If not specified the first key read in the keystore will be used. truststoreFile The trust store file to use to validate client certificates. The default is the value of the javax.net.ssl.trustStore system property. If neither this attribute nor the default system property is set, no trust store will be configured. truststorePass The password to access the trust store. The default is the value of the javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword system property. If that property is null, the value of keystorePass is used as the default. If an invalid trust store password is specified, a warning will be logged and an attempt will be made to access the trust store without a password which will skip validation of the trust store contents. If the trust store password is defined as "" then no password will be used to access the store which will also skip validation of the trust store contents. truststoreType The type of key store used for the trust store. The default is the value of the javax.net.ssl.trustStoreType system property. If that property is null, the value of keystoreType is used as the default. truststoreProvider The name of the truststore provider to be used for the server certificate. The default is the value of the javax.net.ssl.trustStoreProvider system property. If that property is null, the value of keystoreProvider is used as the default. If neither this attribute, the default system property nor keystoreProvideris set, the list of registered providers is traversed in preference order and the first provider that supports the truststoreType is used. sessionCacheSize The number of SSL sessions to maintain in the session cache. Use 0 to specify an unlimited cache size. If not specified, a default of 0 is used. sessionTimeout The time, in seconds, after the creation of an SSL session that it will timeout. Use 0 to specify an unlimited timeout. If not specified, a default of 86400 (24 hours) is used. crlFile The certificate revocation list file to use to validate client certificates. allowUnsafeLegacyRenegotiation Is unsafe legacy TLS renegotiation allowed which is likely to expose users to CVE-2009-3555, a man-in-the-middle vulnerability in the TLS protocol that allows an attacker to inject arbitrary data into the user's request. If not specified, a default of false is used. This attribute only has an effect if the JVM does not support RFC 5746 as indicated by the presence of the pseudo-ciphersuite TLS_EMPTY_RENEGOTIATION_INFO_SCSV. This is available JRE/JDK 6 update 22 onwards. Where RFC 5746 is supported the renegotiation - including support for unsafe legacy renegotiation - is controlled by the JVM configuration. For more information, see the SSL Configuration HOW-TO.

Connector Comparison

Below is a small chart that shows how the connectors differentiate. Java Blocking Connector Java Nio Blocking Connector APR Connector Classname Http11Protocol Http11NioProtocol Http11AprProtocol Tomcat Version 3.x 4.x 5.x 6.x 6.x 5.5.x 6.x Support Polling NO YES YES Polling Size N/A Unlimited - Restricted by mem Unlimited - Configurable Read HTTP Request Blocking Non Blocking Blocking Read HTTP Body Blocking Sim Blocking Blocking Write HTTP Response Blocking Sim Blocking Blocking SSL Support Java SSL Java SSL OpenSSL SSL Handshake Blocking Non blocking Blocking Max Connections maxThreads See polling size See polling size